Sexism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexism - Essay Example Ladies have nothing to demonstrate except for there are as yet a few men who accept that ladies are second rate compared to men and ought to be smothered. This inclination can likewise be an aftereffect of weakness, a few ladies can beat men in pretty much every field, this is the reason men want to smother ladies. Men offer misogynist comments since they accept that ladies are substandard, Andy Gray’s model is extremely fitting here, he felt that a lineswoman can never proceed just as a linesman and this is the reason he offered chauvinist comments and was later sacked. Saying anything unseemly regarding ladies is called sexism, for example a few men imagine that when a lady worker gets advanced she gets her advancement by leaving her ways and giving sexual favors to her chief, this is a fine case of sexism. They use language which is past the pale; such things ought to be held under ideal control in an association. Ladies get assaulted so regularly in Asian nations, this is a result of sexism. Ladies haters assault them not for sexual intrigue yet to deliver torment on them. Separating a lady genuinely and mentally is as a general rule the fundamental point of a culprit. Ladies ought to be dealt with reasonably and they ought to be given regard, there is no explanation concerning why they ought not be regarded in the general public. They have just substantiated themselves and need not substantiate themselves any further. Local work is underestimated; Karl Marx had difficult issues with this. He said that ladies ought to be paid for residential work, ladies work inexhaustibly however we neglect to recognize their commitment. They bring up kids yet don't get enough acknowledgment for it. To close it is exceptionally reasonable for state that sexism in any structure ought to be debilitated, our general public would turn out to be so much better should we begin approaching ladies with deference. They have the right to be regarded and not to be assaulted and abused. Andy Gray Sacked (2011).

Community Response to a Community Problem Essay Example for Free

Network Response to a Community Problem Essay The adolescent posse issue in Southern California has arrived at pandemic extents, and it calls for sure fire activity. In any case, any important reaction on a social concern must be made with a comprehension of the main drivers of such an issue. Here we recognize conceivable key reasons for pack inclusion and draw out suggestions for potential answers for the issues in question. The key arrangements require going past the person, towards making network move. Tackling Californias posse issue, as in any â€Å"issue† or social issue, would not be simple. As a social issue, it must be concentrated efficiently and would constantly require a social reaction. This social reaction implies the contribution of numerous if not all network individuals, not simply those legitimately worried about the issue. It likewise implies tapping huge network assets. At a viable level, network reaction is key as some potential arrangements would involve a ton of assets, for example, expanding confidence among youth in danger, focusing on the significance of instruction, and giving preparing administrations. Posses, Youth, Class and Violence: Reasons to Act Los Angeles County specifically has been known as the group capital of the world. Pack action in the spot represents a lot of rough wrongdoings with around 6617 posse related violations submitted in 2006 (House of Representatives, 1993). Posse individuals were accepted answerable for 19 percent of the burglaries, and 10 percent to 12 percent of the absolute felonious ambushes in the southeast division of Los Angeles (Joint Committee on Organized Crime and Gang Violence). Today, in the City of Los Angeles alone there are in excess of 250 dynamic posses with more than 26,000 individuals, while in the whole LA County there are around 950 groups with in excess of 100,000 people (www. lapdonline. organization). The most terrible part of this improvement maybe is that an ever increasing number of youngsters are including themselves in packs and are being presented to or are themselves causing a great deal of brutality. Adolescent wrongdoers are the countries quickest developing wrongdoing issue. While grown-up savage crime percentages have remained genuinely consistent over the previous decade, adolescent offenses have taken off. Apparently the impetus for this brutality is the nearness of groups in low-pay, urban regions. An examination by the Office of the Attorney General of the State of California uncovers that in 2006 around 5,168 captures were made per 100,000 adolescents (age 10-17) contrasted with 5,283 captures for each 100,000 grown-ups. (http://ag. ca. gov) In low-pay, urban territories of Southern California, a great part of the expansion in youth brutality can be followed to packs, for the most part in encounters between rival group individuals. As one master observer has affirmed, â€Å"Drive-by shootings, turf wars, and crimes are for the most part attached to gangs† (http://www. lapdonline. organization).

Employment Background Check Guide for Job Applicants

Employment Background Check Guide for Job Applicants The job application process includes going over numerous nervous hurdles. Perhaps the most terrifying can be the moment you realize the potential employer is going to start looking into your past. The employment background check is common, with a whopping 98% of surveyed businesses conducting them.What happens during an employment background check? This guide will help you understand:What employment background checks are?What information employers can look at and under what circumstances?How the process unfolds?What are your rights if you’re denied employment based on the check?How to prepare for a smooth employment background check?Let’s get started! WHAT ARE EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND CHECKS?Employment background checks are self-explanatory. They are essentially the employer checking your past â€" whether what you are claiming on your resume is true and whether there is something they should be aware of before handing you the job. These checks can also be referred to as background screenings or pre-employment screenings. It’s the employer’s opportunity to ensure you are who you say you are.The checks are normally conducted either in-house by the HR department or by an external company. There are third-party companies that conduct the checks for the employer â€" for instance, they can help a small business that might not have the time to conduct a thorough search. The employer will always get the result so there is not much difference to you as the candidate whether it’s the company conducting the search or another firm.So, what do the employers check? Although the checks are thorough, you won’t have to worry about the employe r finding out the kind of cereals you ate in the morning. You’re phone also won’t be listened to! Jokes aside, the employment background check can include:Checking if you have a criminal recordlooks at your criminal record history and whether you have convictions.Confirming your education recordincluding attendance and grades.Examining your employment recordswhether you’ve been employed by the companies mentioned on your resume.Checking your credit historyexamining if you have declared things like bankruptcy or if you have negative credit historyMotor vehicle and license recordsincluding information regarding your driver’s license or any professional license needed in your line of work.Civil recordsincluding any other relevant information that might pop up.Some of the above are considered reference checks. For example, a reference check is when the employer contacts your previous employers to ensure the things you’ve talked in the resume are true.The others are background check that might not come up in your job application â€" for instance, whether your driver license is valid or if you have criminal convictions. It’s important to understand that both of these elements, the reference and the background check, are integral information for the employer.All of that might sound extensive but don’t worry. There are certain restrictions on the information your employer can see.CAN EVERY EMPLOYER LOOK AT THE SAME THINGS?There are national standards for the information your potential employer can see. So don’t lose your sleep just yet. In the US, the Fair Credit Reporting Act sets standards on what information employers are allowed to screen and under what circumstances.The Act actually prevents the employer from seeing information on:Any bankruptcies you might have filed after 10 years.Any civil suits, civil judgments and arrest records after seven years.Any paid tax liens you might have.Any accounts placed for collection after seven years.So, your p ast information might not pop up at all. However, it’s also worth noting there are differences in how the above is applied. The most notable one is that the restrictions don’t apply to an external company. Essentially, if the company is using a third party to perform employment background checks, they can access more information. In addition, the restrictions also don’t apply for jobs with an annual salary of $75,000.Furthermore, certain checks are only allowed for certain positions. For example, employers are not able to request credit check reporting unless the position is financial in nature â€" you might be in charge of a lot of money and therefore, the employer wants someone with positive credit rating and so on. So, the checks won’t be a CIA-style analysis of everything you’ve done in the past. They are just the employer’s way of ensuring you’re a good citizen, able to do the job and you’ve actually done the things you claim in your resume.Then there are instan ces where the employer can access information only after the job offer has been made. Workers’ compensation records are an example of these â€" they can be viewed but only after you’ve already received the job offer.One thing your employer won’t be able to see is your political affiliation or voting records. Well, unless you are openly touting your political allegiance on social media! However, you can’t be discriminated against information like this so don’t worry about that.WHAT IS THE EMPLOYMENT BACKGROUND CHECK PROCESS?Employment background checks don’t happen without your knowledge or consent. They follow a certain procedure and you will have the opportunity to respond to the findings.The process of checking the records usually takes place in the latter stages of the job application process. It is often conducted right as the employer is about to offer you the job. Indeed, employers often make job offers on the condition that you pass the employment background check .When the employer is about to embark on the process, you will be informed and you will need to provide consent. You will ALWAYS need to provide written consent to the employment background check â€" if you don’t, the employer cannot start looking up the information. However, they might also take you away from the shortlist as a result. This depends whether the background checks they are looking to perform are reasonable in terms of the job in question.The consent form you receive should explain exactly what is being checked. If you don’t understand the process of the form, you definitely want to talk to the HR department. They should be able to provide you with information regarding the check and explain what information will be part of the check. Always make sure to read the consent form and to understand it.Furthermore, you will need to provide the employer with details that make the process smoother. This generally includes information such as:Your current addressYour date o f birthYour social security numberAny possible driver licenses or other licenses you might holdMake sure the information is correct to ensure a smooth process. A simple spelling mistake can lead to a longer investigation and it might even result in incorrect reporting â€" you definitely want to pay attention to ensure the above information is correct.The employer will then conduct the research and provide you with the results. You will always be provided information regarding the results and you can ask for a copy. There is often no single source for all the information, so the researching party will access different data sources (governmental and non-governmental) to find the required information.When the employer receives the report, they will usually notify you. You will definitely hear from them in case the employer decides to deny you employment based on the findings. But you can also request to receive a copy of the report even if this isn’t the case.If you are denied employ ment based on the report’s findings, you will be given the opportunity to dispute it.WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU’RE DENIED EMPLOYMENT BASED ON THE CHECK?When your employer finds something in your background check they don’t like, they might deny employment. If this happens, you will have the right to dispute the findings in a process called the adverse action. This will effectively put the hiring process on hold, as the employer can’t deny you employment while there’s an on-going dispute.You will receive a written notification from the employer about their intent to deny employment. You’ll also receive a copy of the background report and the employer should include a document outlining your rights during the adverse action process.Generally, you have a week to respond to the findings and to dispute them. This timeline might be different depending on state and national legislation but it should be mentioned in the letter you receive. If it isn’t, you should contact the HR depar tment and ask for advice.If the information on the employment background check is incorrect, you should definitely dispute the findings and seek a fresh investigation. For example, it might have accidentally mixed your social security number and the report might claim you have a criminal record even when you don’t. A fresh investigation will be conducted and your potential employer will receive the new report. This should help overrule the intention to deny employment. If you’re still unhappy and feel there is a mistake in the report, you can ask for a fresh investigation.On the other hand, if the report is correct and enough to deny employment, you don’t have much choice but to accept the decision. You can always consider talking to the HR department and get them to overturn the decision. However, you have signed a consent form to the check, which would have explained the reasons for rejection â€" if you don’t meet the requirements, you don’t have much choice but to move onto the next job.There is a lot more information on who to contact if you feel you’ve been discriminated against based on the background check on the US Government website.WHAT TO DO TO PREVENT DISQUALIFICATION DUE TO FAILED BACKGROUND CHECKS?However, the above doesn’t mean you don’t have any power over the background checks. There are things you can do to prevent being denied the job opportunity due to the findings. You can reduce your risk of being rejected simply because of you didn’t pass the employment background checks.Here are some of the best ways to prevent disqualification and increase your chances of landing a job:Enter correct information on your job application.Clean your social media profiles and maintain a clean online presence.You shouldn’t lie on your resume under any circumstance. The employment background check is aimed at spotting those who tell lies â€" you shouldn’t polish your resume by changing dates or adding information that simply isn’t true .The employment background check is not just about criminal records. Often, the employer is more concerned about your online presence and your social media is often the first place employers look to find any possible problems.Be detailed with the employers, institutions and publications you mention. Ensure the names and dates are correct and you reduce the risk of being flagged by the check.If you want to ensure you’re hired, keep your private stuff private and create a polished and professional look for your public profiles.It’s a good idea to consider conducting your own background check prior to applying for jobs. Third party services that help employers also allow private individuals to use the service. For a fee, you will be able to see what the employer will find out and this makes it easier to prepare for it.If you know you have a traffic violation, then you can discuss it with the employer beforehand and clear out the issue. It’s much easier to be upfront about your pa st mishaps â€" it shows that you’re not trying to hide it but you own up to your mistakes.The “Yes, I’ve made a mistake but I learned from it” approach is much better than keeping your mouth shut until you are caught. You don’t need to delve into it any deeper than that â€" a short explanation and reassurance it won’t happen again should be enough to put your potential employer’s mind at ease.It’s also important to keep in mind that small offences and quirks in your background check are likely not going to come up or lead to rejection. Not all jobs really care if you have a parking violation â€" if it’s a small one-time offence and from something that’s not related to your job, your employer is unlikely to reject your application.This is especially the case if you are the perfect candidate in every other aspect. So, unless you’ve done a serious criminal offence or your offence could hinder your ability to perform the job, you shouldn’t necessarily lose sleep over it. So, as a rule of thumb:In the minor cases (such as parking violations), you can forget the whole thing and just focus on performing well with your job application.If it’s something more serious like a DUI, you might want to pick it up during the interview, for example. Help clear any concerns the employer might have in advance to the report.It’s also about a pattern of behavior that employers tend to be more concerned about. If you’ve done a few bad things in your youth but then clearly stepped up the mark, the employer is probably going to be forgiving.But if you end up lying on your resume and also show a criminal history, then they might think twice what it says about you.THE BOTTOM LINEEmployment background checks are common and you had better prepare for them. It’s important to know what your employer might find out and to be able to show how you’ve moved on from any troubles in the past. You shouldn’t lose your sleep over them but you also want to understa nd how the process works and what you can do to limit any damage the findings might do.After all, the most important thing for the employer is your ability to perform in the role. If you can show good character right now and convince your employer with a good resume, cover letter and job interview, then you will get the job!

Molières Death and the Color Green

Whether or not you are an actor, you probably know that it is considered bad luck to say Good luck to a performer. Instead, you should say, Break a leg! And if you have brushed up on your Shakespeare, then you already know that it could be disastrous to say Macbeth out loud while in a theater. To avoid being cursed, you should instead refer to it as the Scottish play. Unlucky to Wear the Color Green? However, many do not realize that it is unlucky for actors to wear the color green. Why? It is all because of the life and death of Frances greatest playwright, Molià ¨re. Molià ¨re His real name was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, but he was most famous for his stage name, Molià ¨re. He attained success as an actor in his early twenties and soon found that he had a talent for writing stage plays. Although he preferred tragedies, he became renowned for his hilarious satires. Tartuffe was one of his more scandalous plays. This vicious farce mocked the church and caused an uproar among Frances religious community. Controversial Plays   Another controversial play, Don Juan or The Feast with a Statue, mocked society and religion so severely that it was not performed uncensored until 1884, over two hundred years after its creation. But in some ways, Molià ¨res demise is even more intense than his plays. He had been suffering from tuberculosis for several years. However, he did not want the illness to prevent his artistic pursuits. His final play was The Imaginary Invalid. Ironically, Molià ¨re played the central character — the hypochondriac. Royal Performance   During a royal performance before King Louis the 14th, Molià ¨re began to cough and gasp. The performance was stalled momentarily, but Molià ¨re insisted that he continue. He bravely made it through the rest of the play, despite collapsing once more and suffering a hemorrhage. Hours later, after returning home, Molià ¨res life slipped away. Perhaps due to his reputation, two clergymen refused to administer his last rites. So, when he died, a rumor spread that Molià ¨res soul did not make it into the Pearly Gates. Molià ¨res costume — the clothing that he died in — was green. And since that time, actors have maintained the superstition that it is highly unlucky to wear green while on-stage.

Entrepreneurship Is The Finding Of An Idea And Building It...

Entrepreneurship Definition: Entrepreneurship is the finding of an idea and putting it into action, in other words to start a business from an idea and building it to a profitable business. There are basically two types of entrepreneurs: * innovative entrepreneurs - bring new products, services and processes to the market, * replicative entrepreneurs – enter into existing markets with unique selling propositions. Qualities of good entrepreneurs: * You must have an absolute passion for what you do, you have to believe in what you do otherwise you will never follow through. * Ask for help and advise. * Have confidence in yourself and your †product† * Be creative and think outside the box. * Learn to delegate and trust the people you work with. * Be a very good communicator * You have to be able to work independently and take calculated risks. Contribution to the economy: Entrepreneurs basically change the way we live and work. Our standard of living can be improved should their innovations be successful. In addition to creating wealth from their entrepreneurial ventures entrepreneurs also create jobs and conditions for a prosperous society. Entrepreneurs play a vital role in the growth of the national income as well as raising the per capita income of the people. Entrepreneurs can promote international trade by selling their products abroad. The more consumers there are to purchase the products, the higher the profits. Entrepreneurs break away from tradition throughShow MoreRelatedIs It Worth The Time And Money?1162 Words   |  5 Pagessmall businesses were created in Canada each year. Entrepreneurship, a new field of study and increasingly growing more and more popular, individuals are starting to look into becoming entrepreneurs. 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It is something that can beRead MoreOverview Of Methodologies. Effectuation . Effectual Reasoning1615 Words   |  7 PagesAdministration at the University of Virginia. As stated by Sarasvathy, â€Å"‘effectual’ is the inverse ‘causal’† (Sarasvathy, n.d.). Throughout history, business students have been taught causal reasoning (Sarasvathy, n.d.). Causal reasoning consists of finding the best means (cheapest, quickest, most efficient, etc.) to reach a predetermined goal (Sarasvathy, n.d.). However, effectuation takes the opposite approach. Effectual thinking consists of collecting current means and determining potential outcomes

Movies Good or Bad Free Essays

Division Classification Essay| Tabitha NewberryFridays 8:30-11:30| Is the theaters Movies worse or better than Home movies? | | While I do not generally care for television, I do enjoy movies. Movies, however, present both a financial and a time commitment. When my family and I go to a movie, we spend roughly $20 for admission and an additional $20 for popcorn, sodas, and other snacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Movies Good or Bad or any similar topic only for you Order Now At this cost, a night at the movies will often function as the evening meal as well. Occasionally my mom and I or my sister and I will go see something I especially want to see and leave my son with a sitter. Still the financial obligation is significant. Movies generally last somewhere between an hour and a half to two hours, plus time to dress, drive, park the car, buy tickets, get snacks, find a seat, and watch previews. Thus, there isn’t always room in a busy schedule–or a tight budget– to go to movies. In other words, I can’t see them all at the theater. For these reasons, I’ve devised a ranking of movies to include those that I can watch at home. The films belong in these categories: 1) Films I will pay to watch in a theater; 2) Films I will rent; and 3) Films I will watch on television. I will pay to see three different types of movies: family pictures, Funny, and what can I say I’m a hopeless Romantic. Sometimes these all overlap, making me truly happy but usually not. With a young son the pressures to see every child’s, or family, film is tremendous. He does not sit still long enough to even watch a 30 minute television show. At daycare, they hear all about â€Å"Brother Bear† and â€Å"Dore the Explore,† or â€Å"Go Diego Go. † The actual quality of these films is meaningless to children. Deny them the opportunity and they feel cheated. Take them to a bad film, and they become instant film critics. My son has a little bit before he gets to that point, but you get my drift. Yet I still try taking him, I do. As a family, we all including my son like the funny movies. It is a given that we will see every new â€Å"Romantic Comedy† or â€Å"Kids Movie † film that makes its way to theaters within the opening week. Some other adaptations or other very film-not-movie type films warrant their own special experience for me, I suppose, due to my Romantic interest. Not terribly long ago I dragged my Sister to see a film entitled â€Å"The Vow† This film deals with a real love story of faith, the tale of a love that refuses to be forgotten, and is ased on the actual relationship of Kim and Krickitt Carpenter, who wrote a book about their marriage, also known as The Vow. Most movies that I will rent but not pay theater prices to view are the free kids movies or worse†¦BARNEY AND FRIENDS! These movies were the movies my mom used to say were a treat for us kids if we were good. â€Å"Free and funny† she called it. The previews sell them quite well but not well enough to put them on the must-see list. So they end up in my home during one of those hey-want-to-rent-a-movie times. Unfortunately, finding time to watch a rented video or DVD is not an easy feat at my house. My son likes to fight his sleep and then homework and dishes and extra cleaning on the weekends when company comes over. The weekends are about the only times my son and I feel like staying up late to watch a movie. (Probably the only time he stays up late EVER), and not surprising we fall asleep just minutes into our rented films. Sometimes these films go unwatched back to the movie store. About once every couple of months when there’s nothing I want to see on the Lifetime Channel, ill flip through the channels and find a movie. I don’t pay for any of the special movie channels because I would never see a return on my investment. But I first saw â€Å"The day after tomorrow,† â€Å"The Alamo,† â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption,† and numerous others this way. Of course, they were four or five years old when I finally saw them. One plus to; waiting this long to see them is that I won’t be influenced by the viewpoints of others when I formulate my critical analyses. Regardless of the genre and regardless of my personal classification, I find most films to be a bit of a let-down, especially if someone has raved to me about how wonderful a particular film is. I always seem to think the â€Å"industry† could do better. For this reason, many of them make it to the watch it on television group. On the other hand, those that do make it to the theater group are often suitable enough to make it to the purchase for home group, but that’s really another class altogether. So with all that said and done; I think I would rather just chill at home with my son and wait 4-5 years to watch a movie on television, than spend almost 40 bucks on a movie I will probably only watch once at the theater. And save me a lot of time and effort as well. How to cite Movies Good or Bad, Papers

Isaac Newton Essays - Isaac Newton, Copernican Revolution

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was one of the greatest scientists of all time. He is best-known for his discovery of the law of universal gravitation and the laws of motion. Much of modern science is based on the understanding and use of his laws. Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, 1642, in the small English town of Woolsthorpe. His father, a farmer, died shortly before Isaac was born. When the boy was three years old, his mother remarried and moved to another town. Isaac stayed on at the farm in Woolsthorpe with his grandmother. After attending small country school, he was sent at the age of twelve to the Kings School in the near by town of Grantham. At first Isaac was a poor student. He cared little for school work, perferring to paint, make kites, write in notebooks, or invent toys. He made no friends. Silent and dreamy, he was at the bottom of his class. Oddly, it was a savage kick by a school bully that caused Newton's great mind to awaken. The mild, dreamy boy flew into a rage and beat the other boy thoroughly. Isaac determined to beat the bully in school work as well. Soon Isaac was at the head of his class. In 1656 Newton's stepfather died. His mother returned to Woolsthorpe to take care of the farm left by Newton's father. But she could not manage the farm by herself. Isaac was taken out of school and brought home to help her. As a farmer, Newton proved to be a dismal failure. He neglected the necessary chores and thought only of books to study and mechanical things to make. There are many stories about him at that time that show how absent minded he was becoming. One day while he was leading a horse, the animal slipped its bridle and ran away. Isaac continued walking home with the empty bridle, unaware that the horse was gone. When an idea got into Newton's head, he could think of nothing else. Once, during a storm, his mother sent him to shut the barn doors to keep them from being torn off. Half an hour later she went to see what was keep the boy so long. He had forgotten all about the barn doors. They were riped off the hinges, and Newton was jumping again and again from an open window to the ground. Each time, he marked the spot where he landed. Newton was trying to measure the force of the wind. when the gusts were strong, hes jumps were longer than when the wind was weaker.Realizing that her son was simply not suited to farm life, Newton's mother sent him back to Kings School. He graduated in 1661. When he was 18 years old, Newton went to Trinity College in Cambridge University. He quickly proved to his teachers that he was no ordinary student. He read all the books he could get, especially those on mathematics and physics. These interested him the most. His professors were amazed to find that Newton knew about certain subjects even before he was taught. the young man has mastered the subjects by himself. In 1665, when Newton was only 25 years old, he worked out a basic formula in Mathematics that has been used ever since. Today it is called the Binomial Theroem. That same year, 1665, Isaac graduated from Trinity College. He wanted to stay on at the university to continue his studies. But the plague, the Black Death, had broken out in England. The university was closed and the students sent home, for the fear that the plague would strike Cambridge. Newton then returned to Woolsthorpe. Fear of the plague keep Newton close to the farm for the next 18 months. Almost always alone, He spent his time thinking out mathematical problems. in those 18 months he laid the foundation for his lifes work. During that time he hit upon a new mathematical tool he called fluxions or flowing quantities. Today it is called calculus. One day in 1665 Newtin was sitting in the garden in Woolsthorpe, thinking about force that kept the moon moving around the earth, he saw an apple fall from a tree. This set him thinking about falling objects. Why did they fall down and not up? It must be because the earth is attracting all objects to itself. The same force that made the apple fall downward must also be attracting the moon and helping to keep it in orbit. From

Plato Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Platonism, Free Essays

Plato Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Platonism, Free Essays Plato The most comprehensive statement of Platos mature philosophical views appears in The Republic, an extended approach to the most fundamental principles for the conduct of human nature. Using the character Socrates as a fictional spokesman, Plato considers the nature and value of justice and the other virtues as they appear both in the structure of society as a whole, and in the personality of an individual human being. This naturally leads to discussions of human nature, the achievement of knowledge, the distinction between appearance and reality, the components of an effective education, and the foundations of morality. Plato formulates a conception of the complexity of psychological motivation, and of the structure of mental conflict, which leaves the simplicities of Socratic intellectualism far behind, and one which has reminded interpreters of Freudian theory (413 Routledge Encyclopaedia) Because The Republic addresses so many issues, it can be read in several different manners: as a treatise on political theory and practice, as a pedagogical handbook, or as a defence of ethical conduct. The Republic as a whole invites us to share in Platos vision of our place within the ultimate structure of reality Imagining likely origins in the prehistorical past, Plato argued that societies are invariably formed for a particular purpose. Individual human beings are not self-sufficient; no one individual working alone can acquire all of the genuine necessities of life. In order to resolve this difficulty, we gather together into communities for the mutual achievement of our common goals. This succeeds because we can work more efficiently if each of us specializes in the practice of a specific craft: I make all of the shoes; you grow all of the vegetables; she does all of the carpentry; etc. Thus, Plato held that separation of functions and specialization of labour are the keys to the establishment of a worthwhile society. The result of this original impulse is a society composed of many individuals, organized into distinct classes according to the value of their role in providing some component part for the common good. But the smooth operation of the whole society will command some additional services that become necessary only because of the creation of the social organization itself. The adjudication of disputes among members and the defence of the city against external attacks. Therefore, not only labourers are specialized but also the guardians and leaders of the state. Having developed a general description of the structure of an ideal society, Plato maintained that the proper functions performed by its disparate classes, working together for the common good, provide a ready account of the need to develop significant social qualities. Since the rulers are responsible for making decisions according to which the entire city will be governed, they must posses great reasoning skills, the capacity to comprehend reality, and the ability to make impartial judgments for the city. Soldiers, charged with the defence of the city against external and internal enemies, on the other hand, need the virtue of bravery. This entails, in accordance with other values, the willingness to carry out their orders in the face of danger without regard for personal risk. The remaining people of the city must follow the leaders instead of pursuing their private interests. They exhibit the subordination of personal desires to a higher purpose. When each of these classes perform its own role appropriately and does not try to carry the functions of any other class, Plato held, the entire city as a whole will operate smoothly. Exhibiting the harmony that is genuine justice. The most comprehensive statement of Platos mature philosophical views appears in The Republic, an extended approach to the most fundamental principles for the conduct of human nature. Using the character Socrates as a fictional spokesman, Plato considers the nature and value of justice and the other virtues as th ey appear both in the structure of society as a whole, and in the personality of an individual human being. This naturally leads to discussions of human nature, the achievement of knowledge, the distinction between appearance and reality, the components of an effective education, and the foundations of morality. Plato formulates a conception of the complexity of psychological motivation, and of the structure of mental conflict, which leaves the simplicities of Socratic intellectualism far

5 Sentences Demonstrating Whether to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations

5 Sentences Demonstrating Whether to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations 5 Sentences Demonstrating Whether to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations 5 Sentences Demonstrating Whether to Capitalize and Punctuate Quotations By Mark Nichol When the syntax of a sentence containing a quotation is not straightforward, it can be difficult to determine whether the first word should be capitalized and which punctuation marks, if any, should attend the quotation. The following sentences illustrate some of the pitfalls, and discussions and revisions point to their solutions. 1. After years of finger-pointing, Smith says â€Å"enough is enough† and is filing suit against Jones. The statement may seem insignificant, but it is a complete sentence and should be treated as one; it should also be preceded by a comma following the attribution (â€Å"Smith says†): â€Å"After years of finger-pointing, Smith says, â€Å"Enough is enough† and is filing suit against Jones. (Note, too, that no punctuation follows the quotation, because what follows is not an independent clause; it would be one if it included a noun or pronoun after and: â€Å"After years of finger-pointing, Smith says, â€Å"Enough is enough,† and he is filing suit against Jones.†) 2. Clients have begun to ask the question, who will own the process once the change has occurred? The question is something uttered or conjecturally uttered, so it should be enclosed in quotation marks. However, it is not set up with a traditional attribution. No preceding punctuation is needed: â€Å"Clients have begun to ask the question ‘Who will own the process once the change has occurred?’† (A comma after question implies that only one question exists, and it follows.) 3. The question is not â€Å"can it happen?† but â€Å"what is the impact if it does happen, and how will we respond?† Here, the issues in both of the preceding examples are combined in one sentence. There is no attribution to set off with a comma, but each of the two quotations is a complete sentence quoted within the host sentence and must therefore be capitalized: â€Å"The question is not ‘Can it happen?’ but ‘What is the impact if it does happen, and how will we respond?’† 4. He mocked Trump’s slogan, suggesting it was really: â€Å"Make America Hate Again.† A colon sets up an explanation or elaboration. Here, however, what follows really flows syntactically in the sentence, so no intervening punctuation is called for: â€Å"He mocked Trump’s slogan, suggesting it was really ‘Make America Hate Again.’† 5. They ignored the kids’ stubborn insistence that, â€Å"We don’t just look different, we are different.† Here, although the quotation in this sentence was originally uttered as a complete statement, it has been syntactically integrated into the host sentence and is therefore not capitalized: â€Å"They ignored the kids’ stubborn insistence that ‘we don’t just look different, we are different.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should KnowTry to vs. Try andParataxis and Hypotaxis

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Arranging a marriage in india - Essay Example In the event, that either of the partners has not identified their partners then the matchmaker plays a central role in the identification. In this case, the matchmaker must be an elderly who is conversant with many families, as well as the surrounding society (Fenton 193). The caste system in India plays a great role. Marriage happens between couples of the same caste. Moreover, the persons intending to get married must be of the same religion. The other factors that determine marriage between couples are horoscope, status, and in some instances physical appearance. The use of horoscope is vital as it is perceived to determine the likely success of the marriage. Those whose statuses are high in terms of finance, social or profession (especially the boys) are highly valued in the marriage process. Unlike many communities (around the world), In India, the dowry payment is usually remitted by the bride to the prospective groom. Before the wedding, an engagement celebration is initiated where the two families perform traditional rituals to make the engagement official. The wedding is usually held at the bride’s home hence it is the bride family that receives the groom (Fenton

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SOP - Essay Example I worked in the Jeddah office for a little over a year in the sales department. There, my core job was to help the customers get the best health insurance for them and their families. After my stint with the Insurance Company, I joined Samba Financial Group, where I worked in the customer service department for two years. This job required me to provide satisfactory explanation to many questions posed by customers about all the products and services we offer. The experience I gained by working for these organizations made me realize that I love helping people, and created a strong inclination in me towards finding self-fulfillment in helping others. All my life I have been encountering injustice in the treatment of people with disabilities in my country, that’s precisely why I want to work in the public sector and run programs to raise awareness for people with special needs in order for me to contribute to society. Society has given me so much and it is just about time for me to give something back to the society. After working those five years in different jobs I found myself developing and helping others gain the most value from the products and services I sold them, and I changed my mind about what had been built in it from the Saudi society that all women are not aim to work and give. In Saudi Arabia we have to wait for marriage and live under the wings of a man and cannot be independent, which made me careless when I was in college and didn’t care about my grades. In June 2010 I shifted my base to the United States and am presently pursuing proficient level English courses at EC Boston. Since the time I have come to the US I have noticed that people with disability are independent and living as there is nothing can stop them from enjoying their life and I find this amazing, I have learned a lot from such people. They are the epitome of courage and dedication, And that is totally different from how it is in Saudi Arabia, which

Literature review about data warehouse

Literature review about data warehouse CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 2 provides literature review about data warehouse, OLAP MDDB and data mining concept. We reviewed concept, characteristics, design and implementation approach of each above mentioned technology to identify a suitable data warehouse framework. This framework will support integration of OLAP MDDB and data mining model. Section 2.2 discussed about the fundamental of data warehouse which includes data warehouse models and data processing techniques such as extract, transform and loading (ETL) processes. A comparative study was done on data warehouse models introduced by William Inmons (Inmon, 1999), Ralph Kimball (Kimball, 1996) and Matthias Nicola (Nicola, 2000) to identify suitable model, design and characteristics. Section 2.3 introduces about OLAP model and architecture. We also discussed concept of processing in OLAP based MDDB, MDDB schema design and implementation. Section 2.4 introduces data mining techniques, methods and processes for OLAP mining (OLAM) which is used to mine MDDB. Section 2.5 provides conclusion on literature review especially pointers on our decision to propose a new data warehouse model. Since we propose to use Microsoft  ® product to implement the propose model, we also discussed a product comparison to justify why Microsoft  ® product is selected. 2.2 DATA WAREHOUSE According to William Inmon, data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data in support of the managements decision-making process (Inmon, 1999). Data warehouse is a database containing data that usually represents the business history of an organization. This historical data is used for analysis that supports business decisions at many levels, from strategic planning to performance evaluation of a discrete organizational unit. It provides an effective integration of operational databases into an environment that enables strategic use of data (Zhou, Hull, King and Franchitti, 1995). These technologies include relational and MDDB management systems, client/server architecture, meta-data modelling and repositories, graphical user interface and much more (Hammer, Garcia-Molina, Labio, Widom, and Zhuge, 1995; Harinarayan, Rajaraman, and Ullman, 1996). The emergence of cross discipline domain such as knowledge management in finance, health and e-commerce have proved that vast amount of data need to be analysed. The evolution of data in data warehouse can provide multiple dataset dimensions to solve various problems. Thus, critical decision making process of this dataset needs suitable data warehouse model (Barquin and Edelstein, 1996). The main proponents of data warehouse are William Inmon (Inmon, 1999) and Ralph Kimball (Kimball, 1996). But they have different perspectives on data warehouse in term of design and architecture. Inmon (Inmon, 1999) defined data warehouse as a dependent data mart structure while Kimball (Kimball, 1996) defined data warehouse as a bus based data mart structure. Table 2.1 discussed the differences in data warehouse structure between William Inmon and Ralph Kimball. A data warehouse is a read-only data source where end-users are not allowed to change the values or data elements. Inmons (Inmon, 1999) data warehouse architecture strategy is different from Kimballs (Kimball, 1996). Inmons data warehouse model splits data marts as a copy and distributed as an interface between data warehouse and end users. Kimballs views data warehouse as a unions of data marts. The data warehouse is the collections of data marts combine into one central repository. Figure 2.1 illustrates the differences between Inmons and Kimballs data warehouse architecture adopted from (Mailvaganam, 2007). Although Inmon and Kimball have a different design view of data warehouse, they do agree on successful implementation of data warehouse that depends on an effective collection of operational data and validation of data mart. The role of database staging and ETL processes on data are inevitable components in both researchers data warehouse design. Both believed that dependant data warehouse architecture is necessary to fulfil the requirement of enterprise end users in term of preciseness, timing and data relevancy 2.2.1 DATA WAREHOUSE ARCHITECTURE Although data warehouse architecture have wide research scope, and it can be viewed in many perspectives. (Thilini and Hugh, 2005) and (Eckerson, 2003) provide some meaningful way to view and analyse data warehouse architecture. Eckerson states that a successful data warehouse system depends on database staging process which derives data from different integrated Online Transactional Processing (OLTP) system. In this case, ETL process plays a crucial role to make database staging process workable. Survey on factors that influenced selection on data warehouse architecture by (Thilini, 2005) indentifies five data warehouse architecture that are common in use as shown in Table 2.2 Independent Data Marts Independent data marts also known as localized or small scale data warehouse. It is mainly used by departments, divisions of company to provide individual operational databases. This type of data mart is simple yet consists of different form that was derived from multiple design structures from various inconsistent database designs. Thus, it complicates cross data mart analysis. Since every organizational units tend to build their own database which operates as independent data mart (Thilini and Hugh, 2005) cited the work of (Winsberg, 1996) and (Hoss, 2002), it is best used as an ad-hoc data warehouse and also to be use as a prototype before building a real data warehouse. Data Mart Bus Architecture (Kimball, 1996) pioneered the design and architecture of data warehouse with unions of data marts which are known as the bus architecture or virtual data warehouse. Bus architecture allows data marts not only located in one server but it can be also being located on different server. This allows the data warehouse to functions more in virtual mode and combined all data marts and process as one data warehouse. Hub-and-spoke architecture (Inmon, 1999) developed hub and spoke architecture. The hub is the central server taking care of information exchange and the spoke handle data transformation for all regional operation data stores. Hub and spoke mainly focused on building a scalable and maintainable infrastructure for data warehouse. Centralized Data Warehouse Architecture Central data warehouse architecture build based on hub-and-spoke architecture but without the dependent data mart component. This architecture copies and stores heterogeneous operational and external data to a single and consistent data warehouse. This architecture has only one data model which are consistent and complete from all data sources. According to (Inmon, 1999) and (Kimball, 1996), central data warehouse should consist of database staging or known as operational data store as an intermediate stage for operational processing of data integration before transform into the data warehouse. Federated Architecture According to (Hackney, 2000), federated data warehouse is an integration of multiple heterogeneous data marts, database staging or operational data store, combination of analytical application and reporting systems. The concept of federated focus on integrated framework to make data warehouse more reliable. (Jindal, 2004) conclude that federated data warehouse are a practical approach as it focus on higher reliability and provide excellent value. (Thilini and Hugh, 2005) conclude that hub and spoke and centralized data warehouse architectures are similar. Hub and spoke is faster and easier to implement because no data mart are required. For centralized data warehouse architecture scored higher than hub and spoke as for urgency needs for relatively fast implementation approach. In this work, it is very important to identify which data warehouse architecture that is robust and scalable in terms of building and deploying enterprise wide systems. (Laney, 2000), states that selection of appropriate data warehouse architecture must incorporate successful characteristic of various data warehouse model. It is evident that two data warehouse architecture prove to be popular as shown by (Thilini and Hugh, 2005), (Eckerson, 2003) and (Mailvaganam, 2007). First hub-and-spoke proposed by (Inmon, 1999) as it is a data warehouse with dependant data marts and secondly is the data mart bus architecture with dimensional data marts proposed by (Kimball, 1996). The selection of the new proposed model will use hub-and-spoke data warehouse architecture which can be used for MDDB modelling. 2.2.2 DATA WAREHOUSE EXTRACT, TRANSFORM, LOADING Data warehouse architecture process begins with ETL process to ensure the data passes the quality threshold. According to Evin (2001), it is essential to have right dataset. ETL are an important component in data warehouse environment to ensure dataset in the data warehouse are cleansed from various OLTP systems. ETLs are also responsible for running scheduled tasks that extract data from OLTP systems. Typically, a data warehouse is populated with historical information from within a particular organization (Bunger, Colby, Cole, McKenna, Mulagund, and Wilhite, 2001). The complete process descriptions of ETL are discussed in table 2.3. Data warehouse database can be populated with a wide variety of data sources from different locations, thus collecting all the different dataset and storing it in one central location is an extremely challenging task (Calvanese, Giacomo, Lenzerini, Nardi, and Rosati, , 2001). However, ETL processes eliminate the complexity of data population via simplified process as depicts in figure 2.2. The ETL process begins with data extract from operational databases where data cleansing and scrubbing are done, to ensure all datas are validated. Then it is transformed to meet the data warehouse standards before it is loaded into data warehouse. (Zhou et al, 1995) states that during data integration process in data warehouse, ETL can assist in import and export of operational data between heterogeneous data sources using Object linking and embedding database (OLE-DB) based architecture where the data are transform to populate all validated data into data warehouse. In (Kimball, 1996) data warehouse architecture as depicted in figure 2.3 focuses on three important modules, which is the back room presentation server and the front room. ETL processes is implemented in the back room process, where the data staging services in charge of gathering all source systems operational databases to perform extraction of data from source systems from different file format from different systems and platforms. The second step is to run the transformation process to ensure all inconsistency is removed to ensure data integrity. Finally, it is loaded into data marts. The ETL processes are commonly executed from a job control via scheduling task. The presentation server is the data warehouse where data marts are stored and process here. Data stored in star schema consist of dimension and fact tables. This is where data are then process of in the front room where it is access by query services such as reporting tools, desktop tools, OLAP and data mining tools. Although ETL processes prove to be an essential component to ensure data integrity in data warehouse, the issue of complexity and scalability plays important role in deciding types of data warehouse architecture. One way to achieve a scalable, non-complex solution is to adopt a hub-and-spoke architecture for the ETL process. According to Evin (2001), ETL best operates in hub-and-spoke architecture because of its flexibility and efficiency. Centralized data warehouse design can influence the maintenance of full access control of ETL processes. ETL processes in hub and spoke data warehouse architecture is recommended in (Inmon, 1999) and (Kimball, 1996). The hub is the data warehouse after processing data from operational database to staging database and the spoke(s) are the data marts for distributing data. Sherman, R (2005) state that hub-and-spoke approach uses one-to-many interfaces from data warehouse to many data marts. One-to-many are simpler to implement, cost effective in a long run and ensure consistent dimensions. Compared to many-to-many approach it is more complicated and costly. 2.2.3 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE AND SUCCESS FACTORS Building a data warehouse is indeed a challenging task as data warehouse project inheriting a unique characteristics that may influence the overall reliability and robustness of data warehouse. These factors can be applied during the analysis, design and implementation phases which will ensure a successful data warehouse system. Section 2.2.3.1 focus on factors that influence data warehouse project failure. Section 2.2.3.2 discusses on the success factors which implementing the correct model to support a successful data warehouse project. 2.2.3.1 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE FACTORS (Hayen, Rutashobya, and Vetter, 2007) studies shows that implementing a data warehouse project is costly and risky as a data warehouse project can cost over $1 million in the first year. It is estimated that two-thirds of the effort of setting up the data warehouse projects attempt will fail eventually. (Hayen et al, 2007) cited on the work of (Briggs, 2002) and (Vassiliadis, 2004) noticed three factors for the failure of data warehouse project which is environment, project and technical factors as shown in table 2.4. Environment leads to organization changes in term of business, politics, mergers, takeovers and lack of top management support. These include human error, corporate culture, decision making process and poor change management (Watson, 2004) (Hayen et al, 2007). Poor technical knowledge on the requirements of data definitions and data quality from different organization units may cause data warehouse failure. Incompetent and insufficient knowledge on data integration, poor selection on data warehouse model and data warehouse analysis applications may cause huge failure. In spite of heavy investment on hardware, software and people, poor project management factors may lead data warehouse project failure. For example, assigning a project manager that lacks of knowledge and project experience in data warehouse, may cause impediment of quantifying the return on investment (ROI) and achievement of project triple constraint (cost, scope, time). Data ownership and accessibility is a potential factor that may cause data warehouse project failure. This is considered vulnerable issue within the organization that one must not share or acquire someone else data as this considered losing authority on the data (Vassiliadis, 2004). Thus, it emphasis restriction on any departments to declare total ownership of pure clean and error free data that might cause potential problem on ownership of data rights. 2.2.3.2 DATA WAREHOUSE SUCCESS FACTORS (Hwang M.I., 2007) stress that data warehouse implementations are an important area of research and industrial practices but only few researches made an assessment in the critical success factors for data warehouse implementations. He conducted a survey on six data warehouse researchers (Watson Haley, 1997; Chen et al., 2000; Wixom Watson, 2001; Watson et al., 2001; Hwang Cappel, 2002; Shin, 2003) on the success factors in a data warehouse project. He concluded his survey with a list of successful factors which influenced data warehouse implementation as depicted in figure 2.8. He shows eight implementation factors which will directly affect the six selected success variables The above mentioned data warehouse success factors provide an important guideline for implementing a successful data warehouse projects. (Hwang M.I., 2007) studies shows an integrated selection of various factors such as end user participation, top management support, acquisition of quality source data with profound and well-defined business needs plays crucial role in data warehouse implementation. Beside that, other factors that was highlighted by Hayen R.L. (2007) cited on the work of Briggs (2002) and Vassiliadis (2004), Watson (2004) such as project, environment and technical knowledge also influenced data warehouse implementation. Summary In this work on the new proposed model, hub-and-spoke architecture is use as Central repository service, as many scholars including Inmon, Kimball, Evin, Sherman and Nicola adopt to this data warehouse architecture. This approach allows locating the hub (data warehouse) and spokes (data marts) centrally and can be distributed across local or wide area network depending on business requirement. In designing the new proposed model, the hub-and-spoke architecture clearly identifies six important data warehouse components that a data warehouse should have, which includes ETL, Staging Database or operational database store, Data marts, MDDB, OLAP and data mining end users applications such as Data query, reporting, analysis, statistical tools. However, this process may differ from organization to organization. Depending on the ETL setup, some data warehouse may overwrite old data with new data and in some data warehouse may only maintain history and audit trial of all changes of the data. 2.3 ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING OLAP Council (1997) define OLAP as a group of decision support system that facilitate fast, consistent and interactive access of information that has been reformulate, transformed and summarized from relational dataset mainly from data warehouse into MDDB which allow optimal data retrieval and for performing trend analysis. According to Chaudhuri (1997), Burdick, D. et al. (2006) and Vassiladis, P. (1999), OLAP is important concept for strategic database analysis. OLAP have the ability to analyze large amount of data for the extraction of valuable information. Analytical development can be of business, education or medical sectors. The technologies of data warehouse, OLAP, and analyzing tools support that ability. OLAP enable discovering pattern and relationship contain in business activity by query tons of data from multiple database source systems at one time (Nigel. P., 2008). Processing database information using OLAP required an OLAP server to organize and transformed and builds MDDB. MDDB are then separated by cubes for client OLAP tools to perform data analysis which aim to discover new pattern relationship between the cubes. Some popular OLAP server software programs include Oracle (C), IBM (C) and Microsoft (C). Madeira (2003) supports the fact that OLAP and data warehouse are complementary technology which blends together. Data warehouse stores and manages data while OLAP transforms data warehouse datasets into strategic information. OLAP function ranges from basic navigation and browsing (often known as slice and dice), to calculations and also serious analysis such as time series and complex modelling. As decision-makers implement more advanced OLAP capabilities, they move from basic data access to creation of information and to discovering of new knowledge. 2.3.4 OLAP ARCHITECTURE In comparison to data warehouse which usually based on relational technology, OLAP uses a multidimensional view to aggregate data to provide rapid access to strategic information for analysis. There are three type of OLAP architecture based on the method in which they store multi-dimensional data and perform analysis operations on that dataset (Nigel, P., 2008). The categories are multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP), relational OLAP (ROLAP) and hybrid OLAP (HOLAP). In MOLAP as depicted in Diagram 2.11, datasets are stored and summarized in a multidimensional cube. The MOLAP architecture can perform faster than ROLAP and HOLAP (C). MOLAP cubes designed and build for rapid data retrieval to enhance efficient slicing and dicing operations. MOLAP can perform complex calculations which have been pre-generated after cube creation. MOLAP processing is restricted to initial cube that was created and are not bound to any additional replication of cube. In ROLAP as depict in Diagram 2.12, data and aggregations are stored in relational database tables to provide the OLAP slicing and dicing functionalities. ROLAP are the slowest among the OLAP flavours. ROLAP relies on data manipulating directly in the relational database to give the manifestation of conventional OLAPs slicing and dicing functionality. Basically, each slicing and dicing action is equivalent to adding a WHERE clause in the SQL statement. (C) ROLAP can manage large amounts of data and ROLAP do not have any limitations for data size. ROLAP can influence the intrinsic functionality in a relational database. ROLAP are slow in performance because each ROLAP activity are essentially a SQL query or multiple SQL queries in the relational database. The query time and number of SQL statements executed measures by its complexity of the SQL statements and can be a bottleneck if the underlying dataset size is large. ROLAP essentially depends on SQL statements generation to query the relational database and do not cater all needs which make ROLAP technology conventionally limited by what SQL functionality can offer. (C) HOLAP as depict in Diagram 2.13, combine the technologies of MOLAP and ROLAP. Data are stored in ROLAP relational database tables and the aggregations are stored in MOLAP cube. HOLAP can drill down from multidimensional cube into the underlying relational database data. To acquire summary type of information, HOLAP leverages cube technology for faster performance. Whereas to retrieve detail type of information, HOLAP can drill down from the cube into the underlying relational data. (C) In OLAP architectures (MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP), the datasets are stored in a multidimensional format as it involves the creation of multidimensional blocks called data cubes (Harinarayan, 1996). The cube in OLAP architecture may have three axes (dimensions), or more. Each axis (dimension) represents a logical category of data. One axis may for example represent the geographic location of the data, while others may indicate a state of time or a specific school. Each of the categories, which will be described in the following section, can be broken down into successive levels and it is possible to drill up or down between the levels. Cabibo (1997) states that OLAP partitions are normally stored in an OLAP server, with the relational database frequently stored on a separate server from OLAP server. OLAP server must query across the network whenever it needs to access the relational tables to resolve a query. The impact of querying across the network depends on the performance characteristics of the network itself. Even when the relational database is placed on the same server as OLAP server, inter-process calls and the associated context switching are required to retrieve relational data. With a OLAP partition, calls to the relational database, whether local or over the network, do not occur during querying. 2.3.3 OLAP FUNCTIONALITY OLAP functionality offers dynamic multidimensional analysis supporting end users with analytical activities includes calculations and modelling applied across dimensions, trend analysis over time periods, slicing subsets for on-screen viewing, drilling to deeper levels of records (OLAP Council, 1997) OLAP is implemented in a multi-user client/server environment and provide reliably fast response to queries, in spite of database size and complexity. OLAP facilitate the end user integrate enterprise information through relative, customized viewing, analysis of historical and present data in various what-if data model scenario. This is achieved through use of an OLAP Server as depicted in diagram 2.9. OLAP functionality is provided by an OLAP server. OLAP server design and data structure are optimized for fast information retrieval in any course and flexible calculation and transformation of unprocessed data. The OLAP server may either actually carry out the processed multidimensional information to distribute consistent and fast response times to end users, or it may fill its data structures in real time from relational databases, or offer a choice of both. Essentially, OLAP create information in cube form which allows more composite analysis compares to relational database. OLAP analysis techniques employ slice and dice and drilling methods to segregate data into loads of information depending on given parameters. Slice is identifying a single value for one or more variable which is non-subset of multidimensional array. Whereas dice function is application of slice function on more than two dimensions of multidimensional cubes. Drilling function allows end user to traverse between condensed data to most precise data unit as depict in Diagram 2.10. 2.3.5 MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATABASE SCHEMA The base of every data warehouse system is a relational database build using a dimensional model. Dimensional model consists of fact and dimension tables which are described as star schema or snowflake schema (Kimball, 1999). A schema is a collection of database objects, tables, views and indexes (Inmon, 1996). To understand dimensional data modelling, Table 2.10 defines some of the terms commonly used in this type of modelling: In designing data models for data warehouse, the most commonly used schema types are star schema and snowflake schema. In the star schema design, fact table sits in the middle and is connected to other surrounding dimension tables like a star. A star schema can be simple or complex. A simple star consists of one fact table; a complex star can have more than one fact table. Most data warehouses use a star schema to represent the multidimensional data model. The database consists of a single fact table and a single table for each dimension. Each tuple in the fact table consists of a pointer or foreign key to each of the dimensions that provide its multidimensional coordinates, and stores the numeric measures for those coordinates. A tuple consist of a unit of data extracted from cube in a range of member from one or more dimension tables. (C, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa216769%28SQL.80%29.aspx). Each dimension table consists of columns that correspond to attributes of the dimension. Diagram 2.14 shows an example of a star schema For Medical Informatics System. Star schemas do not explicitly provide support for attribute hierarchies which are not suitable for architecture such as MOLAP which require lots of hierarchies of dimension tables for efficient drilling of datasets. Snowflake schemas provide a refinement of star schemas where the dimensional hierarchy is explicitly represented by normalizing the dimension tables, as shown in Diagram 2.15. The main advantage of the snowflake schema is the improvement in query performance due to minimized disk storage requirements and joining smaller lookup tables. The main disadvantage of the snowflake schema is the additional maintenance efforts needed due to the increase number of lookup tables. (C) Levene. M (2003) stresses that in addition to the fact and dimension tables, data warehouses store selected summary tables containing pre-aggregated data. In the simplest cases, the pre-aggregated data corresponds to aggregating the fact table on one or more selected dimensions. Such pre-aggregated summary data can be represented in the database in at least two ways. Whether to use star or a snowflake mainly depends on business needs. 2.3.2 OLAP Evaluation As OLAP technology taking prominent place in data warehouse industry, there should be a suitable assessment tool to evaluate it. E.F. Codd not only invented OLAP but also provided a set of procedures which are known as the Twelve Rules for OLAP product ability assessment which include data manipulation, unlimited dimensions and aggregation levels and flexible reporting as shown in Table 2.8 (Codd, 1993): Codd twelve rules of OLAP provide us an essential tool to verify the OLAP functions and OLAP models used are able to produce desired result. Berson, A. (2001) stressed that a good OLAP system should also support a complete database management tools as a utility for integrated centralized tool to permit database management to perform distribution of databases within the enterprise. OLAP ability to perform drilling mechanism within the MDDB allows the functionality of drill down right to the source or root of the detail record level. This implies that OLAP tool permit a smooth changeover from the MDDB to the detail record level of the source relational database. OLAP systems also must support incremental database refreshes. This is an important feature as to prevent stability issues on operations and usability problems when the size of the database increases. 2.3.1 OLTP and OLAP The design of OLAP for multidimensional cube is entirely different compare to OLTP for database. OLTP is implemented into relational database to support daily processing in an organization. OLTP system main function is to capture data into computers. OLTP allow effective data manipulation and storage of data for daily operational resulting in huge quantity of transactional data. Organisations build multiple OLTP systems to handle huge quantities of daily operations transactional data can in short period of time. OLAP is designed for data access and analysis to support managerial user strategic decision making process. OLAP technology focuses on aggregating datasets into multidimensional view without hindering the system performance. According to Han, J. (2001), states OLTP systems as Customer oriented and OLAP is a market oriented. He summarized major differences between OLTP and OLAP system based on 17 key criteria as shown in table 2.7. It is complicated to merge OLAP and OLTP into one centralized database system. The dimensional data design model used in OLAP is much more effective for querying than the relational database query used in OLTP system. OLAP may use one central database as data source and OLTP used different data source from different database sites. The dimensional design of OLAP is not suitable for OLTP system, mainly due to redundancy and the loss of referential integrity of the data. Organization chooses to have two separate information systems, one OLTP and one OLAP system (Poe, V., 1997). We can conclude that the purpose of OLTP systems is to get data into computers, whereas the purpose of OLAP is to get data or information out of computers. 2.4 DATA MINING Many data mining scholars (Fayyad, 1998; Freitas, 2002; Han, J. et. al., 1996; Frawley, 1992) have defined data mining as discovering hidden patterns from historical datasets by using pattern recognition as it involves searching for specific, unknown information in a database. Chung, H. (1999) and Fayyad et al (1996) referred data mining as a step of knowledge discovery in database and it is the process of analyzing data and extracts knowledge from a large database also known as data warehouse (Han, J., 2000) and making it into useful information. Freitas (2002) and Fayyad (1996) have recognized the advantageous tool of data mining for extracting knowledge from a da

Ethics in Social Work

In psychology and social work, dual relationships and clinical boundaries are often common. They are often unclear and most times the professional has a difficult time noticing them developing. Ethical dilemmas are found in all professions, but are often different in type and solutions. They are hard to identify and even harder to make a clear decision. Dual relationships and clinical boundaries are one of the biggest ethical dilemmas social workers face because of the difficulties of finding the line between the professional role and the empathetic role a social worker plays.Social work is a profession that helps to solve complex human problems and create a more just and caring society. One of the foundations of social work is the focus on the strengths, as opposed to the shortcomings, of individuals, families and communities so that creative solutions for complex social problems can be found. The profession is characterized by a steadfast commitment to social justice in the service of empowering individuals, families and communities to meet their needs. Few professions offer many different types of employment opportunities.Social workers serve as counselors, in adoption, domestic violence, rehabilitation, hospice, mental health, youth, community development workers, public policy analysts, global rights workers; and in juvenile and adult justice systems, just to name a few. However, the main job of a social worker, however, is to help the client to reach a more stable environment, but to go about it a specific way dependent on the job the social worker held. Each job might come with different ethical problems, but social workers have to follow a strict code of ethics that have guidelines to help them make the correct decisions.The NASW, National Association of Social Work, is the largest group of professional social workers. It is the group that wrote the NASW code of ethics, which are followed by all social workers across the United States (NASW, 2008). Ethi cs are the underlying rules put in place to help society better function. Usually, they are hard to identify and can be interpreted in many different ways. Each person has their own ethical standards, which is why it’s necessary to have ethical codes that make it more general and help each professional make his or her own ethical decision.Ethics play a huge role into social work. Without an ethical background or a code of ethics it could harm not only a client, but also the social worker himself. The biggest struggle that comes along with ethics is the fact that each individual usually interprets them differently. Ethics is two things. First, ethics refers to right and wrong that advise what humans should do, in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics can refer to those standards that make humans refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault, slander, and fraud.Ethical standards also include ideals relating to rights, such as th e right to life, the right to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from what is ethical; therefore it is necessary to constantly examine one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable. The NASW Code of Ethics was written to serve as a guide to the everyday professional conduct of social workers. It includes four sections.The first section, â€Å"Preamble,† summarizes the social work profession's mission and core values. The second section, â€Å"Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics,†Ã‚  provides an overview of the Code's main functions and a brief guide for dealing with ethical issues or dilemmas in social work practice. The third section,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ethical Principles,† presents broad ethical principles, based on social work's core values, that inform social work practice. The final section, â€Å"Ethical S tandards,†Ã‚  includes specific ethical standards to guide social workers' conduct and to provide a basis for adjudication.The Code of Ethics, as used today, was approved  by the 1996 NASW Delegate Assembly and revised by the 1999 NASW Delegate Assembly. (NASW, 2008) The NASW code of ethics is used to help guide social workers when it comes to making ethical decisions in the field. It is used to help give every therapist and client the same treatment and ethical decisions. Usually, each profession has a different code of ethics due to the fact that each profession has a diverse set of ethical issues that come with it.Dual relationships or multiple relationships are interactions in which a client is treating a patient, but is also interacting with them in some other way. It can also be if a therapist is in a professional role with a person and promises to enter into another relationship in the future with that person or someone closely related to the individual. Dual roles re fer to two different roles and multiple roles are when more than two overlapping roles exist. For example if a therapist is treating their child’s teacher, their child’s friend, having sexual relations with the client, or are close to the client in some way.Dual relationships are against the APA ethics code and can cause harm to the patient in some cases. A therapist should never work with people who he or she might have to interact with on a causal level instead of a patient-therapist level, not only for the patient’s confidentiality, but also to help keep the therapist from giving preferential treatment (Barnett, Vasquez, Moorehead-Slaughter, Johnson, 2007) Dual relationships can also allow a therapist to misuse their power and influence. The practitioner is in a position to exploit the client for his or her own personal gain.The problem of the dual relationships and the second relationship, the counselor is now susceptible to other interests (personal, financ ial, or social) that he or she may put before the best interests of the client. Problems that arise usually occur when the professional boundaries are not clear to begin with. Therefore, boundaries should be included as part of the intake paperwork. The wording should be clear and specifically state the therapist's intentions. The therapist-client relationship is one that does not permit contact in a casual manner outside the therapy session.This includes work relationships, social conversations or any type of romantic or sexual contact. † The therapist can state something about not giving personal information to a client, as there is no need for them to know this kind of thing. If the client signs the consent form, a contract is in effect and should not be breached by either party. Not only does the therapist have to gauge the client and the way he or she processes things, but also what the client could take inappropriate.Although it may seem appropriate in a therapistâ€℠¢s eyes it could be inappropriate in the client’s eyes and vice versa. (Syme, 2003) The therapist has to keep a close eye on their actions and make sure their client is not seeing it differently than they are. There are three factors that counselors should consider. First, there is a greater risk of harm when the expectations of client and counselor are mismatched. When clients have one set of assumptions about the ground rules of the relationship, and the professional has a different set of assumptions, there is an increased chance of susceptibility.Another factor is that there is potential for divided loyalties and an associated loss of objectivity. Counselors who have personal, social or business relationships with their clients, are at risk because their self-interest may be involved and thus compromise the client's best interest. Finally, by the very nature of the counselor/client relationship, clients are more dependent, have less authority and are vulnerable. Due to th is power differential, it is the responsibility of the professional to ensure that the client in the relationship is not harmed.One key feature of boundary issues is a conflict of interest that harms clients. Conflicts of interest occur when professionals find themselves in a relationship that could prejudice or give the appearance of prejudicing their decision-making. Thus a counselor who provides services to a client with whom he would like to develop a sexual relationship faces a conflict of interest; the professional’s personal interests collide with his or her professional duty to avoid harming his or her client. Zur, American Psychological Association, 2007) Social workers should be alert to and avoid conflicts of interest that interfere with the exercise of professional discretion and impartial judgment. Social workers should also inform clients when a real or potential conflict of interest arises and take reasonable steps to resolve the issue in a manner that makes th e clients’ interests primary and protects clients’ interests to the greatest extent possible. In some cases, protecting clients’ interests may require termination of the professional relationship with proper referral of the client (standard 1. 6[a]), NASW, 2008). The code goes on to say that â€Å"social workers should not engage in dual or multiple relationships with clients or former clients in which there is a risk of exploitation or potential harm to the client† (standard 1. 06[c], NASW, 2008). While treating someone in therapy, a counselor has to be careful about how their patient is going to interpret their actions and words. When a patient is in therapy, a lot of times they don’t have anyone around to support them and help them overcome their obstacles.That being said, it’s the job of the therapist to be that person for their client and help them to succeed. As a client gets closer to his or her therapist, sometimes the slightest of t hings can be taken in the wrong way. For example, as trust is built the slightest of things can trigger a client to see their therapist in a different light. As a counselor, a pat on the back, hand touch, ect can seem like nothing to you, but to the client can seem like a sexual advance. This an be detrimental to a client and can break all the trust the therapist had built up, putting the patient back to the beginning of the process (Smith, Fitzpatrick, 1995) When the psychologist and the patient develop an extracurricular relationship, this dual relationship can threaten the psychologist's ability to act impartially as a therapist and the patient's ability to receive proper treatment in their vulnerable state. If psychologists are not held accountable to prevent this type of behavior, they can harm the reputation of all clinical psychologists.Personal relationships imply a bias and the private relationship can cross over into therapy and treatment. The term â€Å"conflict of inter est† applies to dual relationships because no matter how objective a psychologist tries to be, their own emotions may taint their trained perceptions. Conflict of interest can be applied to a variety of situations, such as the psychologist should not treat a family member or close friend due to the possibility of favoritism or being non-objective, and could interfere with the treatment being given and received.The psychological ethical codes clearly prohibit the interaction of a personal relationship between the psychologist and the client. Dual relationships and clinical boundaries are one of the biggest ethical dilemmas social workers are faced with; trying to find the line between the professional role and the empathetic role a social worker plays. This being said, as a social worker it is important to distance the client, but also to build trust. It takes time to learn the boundaries and how to avoid crossing them.This is just one of the biggest challenges social workers h ave to overcome in their field. Reference Page: Barnett J, Lazarus A, Vasquez M, Moorehead-Slaughter O, Johnson W (2007) Boundary Issues and Multiple Relationships: Fantasy and Reality; Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38 (4) 401-410 doi: 10. 1037/0735-7028. 38. 4. 401 Herlihy, B and Corey G. (1992) Dual Relationships in Counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling Development Reamer, G. F. PhD (2011, October 13). Eye on Ethics Social Work Today, retrieved from http://www. socialworktoday. om/news/eoe_101311. shtml Smith, D. and Fitzpatrick, M. (1995) Patent-Therapist Boundary Issues: An Integrative Review of Theory and Research, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26 (5), 499-506 doi: 10. 1037/0735-7028. 26. 5. 499 Syme, G (2003) Dual Relationships in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Exploring the Limits, London: Sage Publications Zur, O and American Psychological Association (2007) Boundaries in Psychotherapy Ethical and Clinical Explorat ions. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association http://www. socialworkers. org/pubs/code/code. asp

Purgatorius - Facts and Figures

Name: Purgatorius (after Purgatory Hill in Montana); pronounced PER-gah-TORE-ee-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About six inches long and a few ounces Diet: Probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; primate-like teeth; ankle bones adapted to climbing trees About Purgatorius Most of the prehistoric mammals of the late Cretaceous period looked pretty much the same--small, quivering, mouse-sized creatures that spent most of their lives high up in trees, the better to avoid rampaging raptors and tyrannosaurs. On closer examination, though, especially of their teeth, its clear that these mammals were each specialized in their own distinct way. What set Purgatorius apart from the the rest of the rat pack is that it possessed distinctly primate-like teeth, leading to speculation that this tiny creature may have been directly ancestral to modern-day chimps, rhesus monkeys, and humans--all of whom had the chance to evolve only after the dinosaurs went extinct and opened up some valuable breathing room for other types of animals. The trouble is, not all paleontologists agree that Purgatorius was a direct (or even distant) precursor of primates; rather, it may have been an early example of the closely related group of mammals known as plesiadapids, after the most famous member of this family, Plesiadapis. What we do know about Purgatorius is that it lived high up in trees (as we can infer from the structure of its ankles), and that it managed to straddle the K/T Extinction Event: fossils of Purgatorius have been discovered dating both to the late Cretaceous period and the early Paleocene epoch, a few million years later. Most likely, this mammals arboreal habits helped rescue it from oblivion, making accessible a new source of food (nuts and seeds) at a time when most non-tree-climbing dinosaurs were starving to death on the ground.

National Health Care Quality and Disparities Report Essay

The National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report (NHQDR) (2012) identified three key themes. The themes are health care quality and access are suboptimal, especially for minority and low income groups; overall quality is improving, access is getting worse and disparities are not changing; and urgent attention is warranted to ensure continued improvements in: quality diabetic care, maternal and child health, adverse events, disparities in cancer care and quality care among the states in the south. The NHQDR 2012 is a comprehensive report that implies there are changes that need to occur at multiple levels within the health care system and public policy. The report implies that the health care system needs to become more accessible†¦show more content†¦APRNs are able to become politically involved by writing letter to the senators and congressman in support of bills related to access and quality of care, and support preventative health care. Other means of action include voting on matters of health, attending political meetings to learn what health policies are being discussed, and supporting wellness. APRNs need to be an advocate for the population they serve by referring clients to agencies for health care insurance, medication services, visiting nurses and other social service supports that will enhance the client’s quality and access to health care. Education is paramount in order for quality of care to improve. APRNs need to provide culturally relevant education to the population they treat. Education needs to be comprehensive and include an explanation of the disease, how the disease may impact the client’s life, medications its purpose and benefits. The education also needs to include negotiating with the client in order to allow for cultural integration. . Education should be given verbally in conjunction with instructions written in the primary language and include a follow up appointment. Cultural competency and understanding of health disparities is essential to all care providers. Continuing education programs for colleagues using Purnell’s 12 domains is a way ARPRNs can facilitate cultural competency. TheShow MoreRelatedDisparities Within The Health Care Environment1702 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Disparities Healthcare disparities have been an issue all over the world for a very long time. The purpose of this paper is to give you knowledge on disparities within the health care environment. This paper will discuss the definition of disparities, types of disparities, reasons for disparities, statistical data from trends and reports, and information on disparities elimination and improvements. What are healthcare disparities? Defining a disparity can eliminate confusion that disparitiesRead MoreNational Healthcare Quality And Disparities Report 20141013 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem is America is the health disparities that vary across the nation. 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